Abstract :
Human beings are exposed to extremely small particles mostly through surrounding atmosphere. Exposure
to engineered NPs can happen through pathways like inhalation, dermally and ocularly. The wide spread use and
applications such as oral administration through food or drinking water, skin absorption through sunscreen or
cosmetics application, injection through medical procedures presents many potential problems. The fate and risk
may differ through different exposure pathways.
In most of the studies it has been found that over 90% of orally administrated engineered NPs were excreted
through fecal matter by animals. However, with their small sizes, the retention of NPs is found in the kidney and
liver. The little size and big surface area of NPs facilitates the production of free radicals, increased oxidant
production, leading to genetic and epigenetic effects.
Keyword :
Epigenetic, Nano particles, genotoxicity.