Abstract :
Many orthopedic disorders exhibit pronounced sex- and gender-based differences in prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes. These differences stem from complex interactions among hormonal milieu, anatomical and biomechanical variations, genetic and immunological factors, and lifestyle/environmental modifiers. This review synthesizes current evidence on major gender-specific orthopedic diseases—osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, anterior cruciate ligament injury, hip fractures, and inflammatory arthropathies—highlighting the etiopathogenesis behind their sexual dimorphism and discussing implications for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy.
Keyword :
Sex-based variations, Orthopedic diseases, Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, ACL injury, Hormonal modulation