Abstract :
Magnesium is an essential mineral cofactor in over 300 enzymatic processes, integral to cellular energy metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, ion transport, neuromuscular function, vascular regulation, and bone homeostasis. Despite its importance, suboptimal dietary magnesium intake is widespread and has been associated with increased risks of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, migraine, and inflammation. In interventional trials, magnesium supplementation has shown robust benefit for migraine prophylaxis and reduction in hospitalization during pregnancy, with moderately convincing evidence for improvements in glycemic control, inflammation, and vascular function. This article comprehensively reviews magnesium absorption and homeostasis, dietary sources and intake recommendations, the epidemiologic and clinical trial evidence linking magnesium with health outcomes, clinical manifestation of deficiency, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic guidance. Gaps in knowledge and directions for future research are highlighted.
Keyword :
Magnesium, Micronutrient, Diet, Deficiency, Cardiovascular disease, Metabolic syndrome, Osteoporosis, Neurological disease