Abstract :
Controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS) represent a significant advancement in the field of pharmaceutical sciences, aiming to deliver therapeutic agents at a predetermined rate for a specified period, thereby maximizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Over the past few decades, CDDS have transitioned from conventional formulations to highly sophisticated, targeted platforms utilizing smart materials and innovative engineering techniques. This comprehensive review explores recent progress in CDDS, encompassing polymerbased carriers, lipid-based vesicles, nanoparticles, nanosponges, hydrogels, and implantable systems. Emerging technologies such as stimuli-responsive systems—triggered by pH, temperature, enzymes, or magnetic fields—and bioresponsive carriers for site-specific release are also discussed. Furthermore, the review critically examines the formulation strategies, pharmacokinetic benefits, and clinical translation of these systems, along with the technological, regulatory, and scalability challenges that hinder their widespread adoption. Particular attention is given to the integration of CDDS with digital health tools, biosensors, and artificial intelligence, which are paving the way toward personalized and precision drug delivery. Despite the notable progress, hurdles such as drug degradation, limited bioavailability for certain APIs, immunogenicity, and high production costs remain critical concerns. The paper concludes by highlighting future directions, including advances in nanotechnology, 3D printing, and responsive biomaterials, which hold immense potential for the next generation of CDDS. Overall, this review provides a robust foundation for understanding the current landscape, unresolved challenges, and forwardlooking innovations in controlled drug delivery.
Keyword :
Controlled raelease, Nanoparticle, Diffusion controlled release.